Rationalism And William Blakes The Lamb And The Tiger

In the 18th century the works of literature during this time were rationalist writings. Many writers during this time were neoclassic or rationalist writers, which are the same type of writers. Authors that were rationalist writers created works that were more reasonable, made generalizations about the world, satiric and more. They tended to stay away from bringing literature into their writing. However, William Blake did not take the approach of a rationalist writer when he wrote the two poems The Lamb and The Tiger. These poems both are tied to God and make biblical references. Blake shows the contrast between these two poems by having The Lamb based off innocence and The Tiger based off of fear and losing one’s innocence. In The Lamb†¦show more content†¦Since the little lamb is learning of is origins it shows the lambs innocence from the lack of knowledge of how it is cared for. In the poem The Tiger, the author illustrates how there is a loss of innocence in the in the speaker. Blake has the speaker asking questions to the Creator. All of the questions asked are out of fear from seeing the tiger. The imagery used in the poem shows how the dangerous and terrifying that speaker, â€Å"Tiger Tiger, burning bright† and â€Å"Burnt the fire of thine eyes† (Blake). Not only does it describe the tiger as something to be scared of but also the fire within the eyes of the tiger makes the speaker even more fearful. The speaker continues to ask the Creator about the tiger out of fear. The reader knows that the speaker has lost their innocence when, â€Å"Did he smile his work to see?/Did he who made the Lamb make thee?† (Blake). In the first line the speaker questions how his Creator could have made a beast and be proud of it. The speaker then asks in confusion how his Creator could have made a gentle and innocent lamb like himself and also make the tiger, that is a beast to fear. The speaker began asking who could have created th is beast, then asks about the details of it to then ask how his Creator could make two things completely different from each other. Blake makes these two poems with some similarities, to connect them, and with differences to illustrate how innocence is loss.Show MoreRelatedThe Lamb and The Tyger by William Blake Essay1758 Words   |  8 Pages William Blake, a unique poet of the literary canon, is one of the most critiqued poets of all time. Having a rather unique stylistic approach to topics, especially religion, Blake seems to contradict himself in his own writing and, therefore, sparks questions in the readers’ minds on specific subjects. Two of his poems in particular have been widely critiqued and viewed in various lights. â€Å"The Tyger,† written in 1774, and â€Å"The Lamb,† written five years later in 1789, are considered companion poems

Humn410 Final Exam Essay - 2059 Words

Top of Form |1. (TCO 1, 2) Analyze how nationalism and militarism contributed to the outbreak of World War I. | | | |Use historical examples to support your answer. | | | |Of the various causes of World War I, which do you think was the most important and why? (Points: 40) | |†¦show more content†¦(TCO 10) Match the terms in Column I with the descriptions in Column II. (Points: 18) | |[pic] | |Matching: | |Answer | | | |Potential Matches: | | | |[pic]: liberation theology | | | |1: populist president of Argentina during the 1940s and

Dell Inc. Case Essay Sample free essay sample

Michael Dell started the company Dell Inc. in the twelvemonth 1984 with a mere $ 1000. Presently the company is considered to be one of the largest computer-systems companies in the universe. It is in fact considered to be the world’s largest company in footings of planetary market portion. Some of the major rivals of Dell are HP-Compaq. Toshiba. and Lenovo Group. Dell’s merchandise line includes â€Å"desktop computing machines. notebook computing machines. web waiters. workstations. and besides storage merchandises† and competes in the â€Å"concern. instruction. authorities and consumer marketsâ€Å" ( Kapuscinski. Zhang. Carbonneau. Moore and Reeves. 2004. p. 1 ) . While most of its rivals have similar supply concatenation direction systems. Dell does non follow the same system. The company follows a direct-sales attack. Michael Dell founded the company based on the construct of short-circuiting the retail merchants. jobbers and distributers in the supply concatenation ( Kapuscinski. Zhang. Carbonneau. Moore and Reeves. 2004. p. 1 ) . Dell has successfully implemented the construct and is alone among its rivals in this manner. Dell’s fiscal success to a big extent is attributed to holding a really expeditiously managed supply concatenation which gives it an advantage in footings of monetary value and besides helps in cut downing the bringing times for its clients This paper analyses the supply concatenation direction system of Dell in footings of scheme and design. These are so compared this with the supply concatenation scheme and design of some of its rivals. The pros and cons of following such a scheme are so highlighted along with the importance of information engineering in the successful execution of the supply concatenation. â€Å"A supply concatenation is a planetary web of organisations that cooperate to better the flows of stuff and information between providers and clients at the lowest cost and highest velocity. with an aim of client satisfaction†( Govil and Proth. 2002. p. 7 ) Computer industry being an industry that advances at a really rapid rate. It is clear that in this instance it is really of import to ever do a really accurate estimation as to how long the pres3nt engineering would last and how to make the maximal figure of clients in this period of clip. Overstocking the stock list with points which would go disused in the close hereafter is a really existent possibility. Some of the companies like HP and Toshiba attempt to remain abreast of the engineering and market their merchandises really sharply. They anticipate the life-time of their merchandise and usage complex estimations to accurately foretell the figure of units to be kept in the stock list. The extra goods in the stock list are so set up for sale at a lower cost when they become disused. In contrast Dell believes in maintaining merely for 6 yearss. The stock list system is Just-in-Time and helps the company in cut downing the costs of warehousing engaging people to track and keep stock list and besides the losingss that could be incurred by keeping on to obsolete engineering based merchandises. The company sells straight to its clients which helps it in concentrating towards monetary value. public presentation customization. service and support. latest engineering and superior stockholder value. In add-on. the company besides distinguishes itself from its rivals really easy. by offering customized merchandises to its client ( Altman. 2004. p. 4. 6 ) As is already mentioned above Dell has a alone supply concatenation where it sells straight to the client. The clients place an order with the company and the company supplies the merchandises to its client within a pre-specified bringing clip. The clients can take assorted constellation constituents and therefore the merchandises received by them are customized to their demands. The advantages of direct-sales are already mentioned in the earlier subdivision. The supply concatenation of the company is really closely integrated by utilizing information engineering. Using package the company besides manages Customer Relationship Management by maintaining checks on the types of the computer-systems normally brought by the clients. The company besides manages their providers really expeditiously. Since they merely have a upper limit of six yearss of stock list with them they are propelled to function the clients more expeditiously due to the lesser attempts needed for the repositing. In add-on to all this. Dell besides makes strategic confederations with other companies for case with Palm and Xerox. who could utilize its supply concatenation for selling their ain merchandises ( Altman. 2004. p. 6. 7. 8 ) . The supply ironss of the rivals of Dell such as HP contain all the constituents like retail merchants. jobbers and distributers. However. these units are really expeditiously managed for case incase of HP and integrated with engineering to do them more efficient. To expeditiously pull off its distributers for case. HP created a hebdomadal allotment system so that the merchandise units to be sold were reasonably distributed among its distributers. This besides maximized the overall merchandise handiness to its clients. HP has late surpassed Dell to go company with the largest market portion ( Harrison. Lee. Neale. 2003. p. 43 ) An expeditiously designed supply concatenation is necessary so that all the constituents interact in a proper manner. In instance of Dell the supply concatenation is designed to run into the specific demands of the clients. This means that the clients can take the necessary engineering for their merchandise. This in bend agencies that the company needs to be abreast with the latest and besides the most popular engineerings available. Any concern would non win if the venture is non profitable plenty. Hence. the supply concatenation must besides guarantee that the merchandises are optimized to give the maximal net income benefit to the company every bit good. Dell has designed its six twenty-four hours stock list system to accommodate this intent. The feedbacks from the gross revenues are hebdomadal and therefore the following hebdomad stock list can be predicted even in the worst instance scenario of engineering alteration. The web based selected system ensures that the complete scope can be easy browsed by the clients. and besides helps in analysing the purchasing forms. The fewer stock lists besides means that the company can easy accommodate itself to the new engineering since it would hold really less backlog to be concerned with which can once more be easy disposed off ( Altman. 2004. p. 19-23 ) . In contrast HP has modeled its supply concatenation based on a class of action it footings as prosodies. theoretical accounts and cooperation. The prosodies and theoretical accounts are operations research methods and usage complex simulations non-linear stochastic mathematic scheduling methods which describe the complex dealingss between the providers. fabrication workss and clients. The theoretical account development helps to ease a clear apprehension of the forms of stock lists which in bend helps in effectual client direction ( Schniederjans. 1998. p. 83 ) . Dell has some fabricating units and gross revenues units that are strategically placed in assorted states. These are really limited in figure and are strategically placed so that the merchandises reach the clients via the cheapest and the fastest path. The company on the contrary topographic points more accent on holding maximal figure of client support offices so that people can easy make them within the state with the least cost. The Global sourcing follows this rule as is late shown when Dell decided to shut down its India based unit so as to incorporate these units with the Taiwan and US based units ( Writer. 2007. para 1 ) . In contrast the rivals of Dell like Toshiba. and HP have a really big and intricate supply concatenation and distribution web which is dispersed across many states. The thought is to hold the merchandise available at the nearest location so that the client can hold a expression at it and purchase it on the topographic point. Hence. the figure of units available with each of the retail units should besides be optimized ( Harrison. Lee. Neale. 2003. p. 43 ) . In the present times. Information Technology is considered to be a really of import portion of any Global merchandise company. In instance of Dell the Information Technology is the anchor on which the corporation is built. The company’s website World Wide Web. dingle. com is a really of import portion of the supply concatenation as this is the first point of contact of the clients with the company. The effectual design of the web site and easy pilotage has been really important to doing a really effectual supply concatenation without the demand for any retail merchants ( Altman. 2004. p. 10 ) . The company has farther enhanced its supply concatenation by utilizing thei2 Supply Chain Managementto be after the orders and communicate with the providers every two hours. This system helps Dell to fabricate what the clients precisely want. This besides helps in finding the cost for bringing and clip for deployment which helps the company in cut downing the costs for the clients. every bit good as the cost incurred by the company. The constituent providers can utilize this system to acquire accurate merchandise demands and stuff demands. The system besides helps in real-time mill programming and besides inventory direction. With the usage of thei2 Supply Chain Managementtool Dell can hold a new fabrication agenda every two hours which shows the latest client orders. backlog Numberss. stock position and provider committednesss ( Altman. 2004. p. 10. 11 ) . Dell has besides linked its supply concatenation direction with client relationship direction and provider relationship direction. This system is known asDVCM i. e. Dynamic Value Chain Management.This helps the company to analyse issues such as sourcing. distribution. resource and capacity restraints. The full supply concatenation direction system is integrated utilizing the cyberspace which helps Dell in keeping contact with its clients and providers universe broad ( Altman. 2004. p. 10-12 ) . While its rivals do non follow a complete IT-based merchandising system. IT is however and of import component of supply concatenation which integrates the company with its providers. retail merchants and distributers so that the merchandise units are distributed equally among them easing the overall system such that there is maximal merchandise coverage to the clients. Dell has built an alone supply concatenation which is alone among its rivals. The system has made Dell the largest computer-seller in a small over a decennary period besides doing it one of the fastest turning company in the universe. The undermentioned graph shows the Personal computer industry company wise gross revenues figures. Fig- 1 Personal computer Industry Worldwide gross revenues figures ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. roughlydrafted. com/RD/RDM. Tech. Q1. 07/FFE4A8E2-9816-4344-9FB0-61BED246674C. hypertext markup language ) It is clear from the figure that Dell leads the market of the personal computing machines. However. it can non be said that this is the most effectual of all the supply concatenation methods followed by the Personal computer companies. Any company can remain in front in the market merely when its inventions match those of its distribution techniques. HP has seen a monolithic growing in its gross revenues due to the alterations it has done for streamlining its supply concatenation direction system. The company has taken attention to be in front in engineering and has besides been cutting down the disconnected parts of its merchandise gross revenues and traveling into the more incorporate merchandise section. This paper discussed the supply concatenation direction strategy of Dell and compared it with its rivals. Dell has no uncertainty made history by utilizing its alone gross revenues theoretical accounts and had become the world’s largest company in footings of market portion. However. in recent clip the company is seen to be slower in accommodating to technological alterations. This has resulted in the company giving its top topographic point to HP in footings of personal computing machine gross revenues. Thus it is clear that the merchandise gross revenues do depend to a great extent on the manner the supply concatenation is managed but a company needs to be ever on the cutting border of engineering if it intends to keep its lead. Mentions Books Schniederjans MJ ( 1998 ) .Operationss Management in a Global Context. Quorum/ Greenwood. Connecticut Govil M. Proth JM ( 2002 ) .Supply Chain Design and Management: Strategic and Tactical Positions. Academic Press. Florida Harrison TP. Lee HL. Neale JJ ( 2003 ) .The Practice of Supply Chain Management: Where Theory and Application Converge. Springer. Massachusetts Web sites Altman J ( 2004 ) .Dell A ; Supply Chain Management. Article accessed on 12Thursday December 2007. hypertext transfer protocol: //web. syr. edu/~jnaltman/report. physician Kapuscinski R. Zhang R. Carbonneau P. Moore R. Reeves B ( 2004 ) .Inventory Decisions in Dell’s Supply Chain. Article accessed on 12ThursdayDecember 2007. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. tmi. umich. edu/dell. pdf Ran D ( 2007 ) .Market Share Myth 2007. March 16 2007. Article accessed on 12Thursday December 2007. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. roughlydrafted. com/RD/RDM. Tech. Q1. 07/FFE4A8E2-9816-4344-9FB0-61BED246674C. hypertext markup language Staff Writer ( 2007 ) .Dell India Shuts Hardware R A ; D Unit. 11ThursdayDecember 2007. Article accessed on 12ThursdayDecember 2007. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cbronline. com/article_news. asp? guid=84302AA9-FC18-47F7-A191-CB75B0B95D17

The Color Purple Essays (581 words) - The Color Purple,

The Color Purple The Color Purple, by Alice Walker, is a very intense book to read. By intense, I mean it is a book touching very difficult and hard aspects of life of a poor, black oppressed woman in the early twentieth century. Walker does social criticism in her novel, mostly criticizing the way black women were treated in the early twentieth century. Walker uses the life experiences of Celie to illustrate her social criticism. The Color Purple is not written in the style of most novels. The author does not tell us everything about the characters, the setting, and why the characters behave the way they do. The novel is written in a series of letters, not dated. There are large gaps between some letters, but this is not revealed by the author; we have to figure it out ourselves. The letters are written in what Walker calls black folk language, which also reduces the easiness of the reading. When the novel opens, Celie is a young black girl living in Georgia in the early years of the twentieth century. She in an uneducated girl, and writes her letters in common language. Celie is entering her adolescence believing she was raped by her father and that he killed both of their children. She writes to God, because she has no one else to write to. She feels that what happened to her is so terrible that she can only talk about it to someone she feels loves her. She knows her sister Nettie loves her, but she is too young to understand. Celie believe only to God may she talk honestly and openly about her suffering. Celie is not, however, at this point, complaining to God, she is simply confiding in him. Celie was born into a poor family; her mother was sick most of the time, mentally and physically; there were too many children in the family; and Celie was abused by the man she believed was her father. Celie feels used and abused, but does not understand why. So many bad things have happened to Celie that she lacks self esteem and confidence. Celie does not even feel she is worth enough to sign her name at the end of the letters. Slowly, Celie evolves into a mature woman with great confidence, but not before her sister Nettie is taken away from her, and she marries a cruel man who really wanted to marry Nettie. For a long time, Celie is almost a slave to her husband, until her husband's mistress comes to live with them to recuperate from a sickness, and Celie becomes her nurse. Shug is a strong woman, and encourages Celie to grow stronger. At the same time, Sofia, Celie's daughter in law, shows Celie to stand up for herself and fight prejudice and injustice, and fight. By the end of the novel, Celie's new strength pays off, because she is able to live happily with the people she loves. She reunites with Nettie and her two children, who have been raised by Nettie. Celie learned to fight, to stand up for herself, and she was rewarded. Celie was able to survive physically and spiritually, and is able to mature into a full, modern twentieth century woman. In The Color Purple, Alice Walker is able to illustrate the abuse, neglect, and oppression a black woman had to go through in the early twentieth century, but she also illustrate how a woman must fight back to regain the self esteem and confidence lost way back in the early adolescent years. The Color Purple is a story about growth, endurance, and fight, all nurtured by love. Book Reports

Poverty and Voter Participation

Poverty and Voter Participation Free Online Research Papers A democratic form of government is unique in that all citizens have an equal vote or voice in shaping policy or electing government officials. The population participates effectively in the determination of their lives for themselves either directly or through their elected representatives. Equal opportunity is a central component of democracy. Each individual, whether rich or poor, strong or weak, has the same chance to participate and influence governmental action. Without this participation, a democracy is neither representative, nor efficient. When considering democratic participation, one cannot help but wonder if all people truly do have the same opportunity to contribute. Equality in democracy appears to be a concept that has been buried by the seemingly more important attributes such as wealth, power, and influence. Have the poor become so disenfranchised that they no longer care to play a part in democratic processes? This leads me to my research question: how does poverty affect democratic participation? In searching for the answer to this query, I will examine possible factors that could explain why the poor may not be as capable or willing as the rich to shape public policy or elect officials. A review of the voting trends of poorer peoples as compared to those of the wealthy in various democratic nations throughout the world will help me to understand which economic group is more likely to show up and contribute on Election Day. It is my hypothesis that poverty results in decreased engagement in democratic p rocesses. Certain unfulfilled needs of the poor put them at a disadvantage as compared to the affluent when it comes to democratic participation. Whether it concerns the human body’s most basic needs such as food and shelter or more developed needs such as education, the well-off clearly are steps ahead of the less fortunate. I will spend the next several paragraphs explaining how such essentials impact the political input of those stricken by poverty. Human beings have certain basic needs. Until these are fulfilled, all other needs are not of importance. Food is one such necessity. The poor may not always have ready access to nourishment and thus are less concerned with more distant matters such as elections and policy choice. Without the energy that is provided by food, individuals cannot hope to function effectively. It is in the face of such dire straits that democratic participation is not of great concern. What is worse is the fact that the little access to food the poor have is insecure. The underprivileged must rely on charity, handouts, or begging for their sustenance (Sibanda, 2006, p.7). The constant threat of starvation will draw anyone’s attention away from democratic contribution. The wealthy, on the other hand, have no need to worry about where their next meal will come from and thus can focus their attention towards matters of political importance. On the same level of importance of food is the matter of shelter. â€Å"Not shelter for its own sake, but adequate shelter conducive to a healthy and comfortable pursuit of life. Many people in Africa are living in the most shocking conditions† (Sibanda, 2006, p.7). Poor living conditions do not assist in any way to a desire to participate in any kind of political activity. A disadvantaged man or woman living in the Democratic Republic of Congo is unlikely to travel to the voting station when his or her home is in constant danger of falling apart. An education is vital to any person who wishes to make beneficial political decisions. Being educated not only increases one’s chances of gaining access to all kinds of resources, it allows one to avoid exclusion from the governmental processes of one’s country. If one wishes to exercise one’s rights, one must be educated about those rights. â€Å"It is not enough to teach people how to vote and remind them every so often of their basic rights as relates to the election process, people need to be educated about the entire political system† (Putnam, 2006, p.1). Often times the poor are not privileged to have access to a meaningful education. Consequently, they frequently do not comprehend where they stand in the political system beyond the vote. It is in formal educational structures that this kind of information is made available, resulting in a better informed upper class. This leads one to believe that the wealthy are more likely to engage in democratic participation. It is an unfortunate fact that many of the democratic nations in Africa spend more on defense than they do education. Fortunately, efforts are being made to remedy this problem. In South Africa, for example, there is an ongoing campaign with the goal of informing the public of their rights and how they can actively participate in the democratic processes. (Sowman. 2006. p.6) Health and medical needs are other factors that could lead to less governmental contribution by the poor. The poor in many democratic nations throughout the world are not provided with adequate health services. Issues of distance and cost result in the exclusion of provisions for the financially disadvantaged. Additionally, public hospitals are unable to give necessary treatment to those unable to afford private care. (Abelson. 2002. p. 27) Clearly, people suffering from an ailment or who have questionable health are not likely to take part in democratic functions. Mothers and fathers do not wish to leave their sick and dying children so that they may vote in an election. â€Å"Even as people recognize the failing of their political institutions in providing for their needs and even if they are fully aware of their rights and how to exercise them, they are disinclined to do so if they are sick or their families are sick all the time† (Sibanda. 2006. p. 8) The poor suffer another setback as they may not have access to information on the actions and processes of their government. Government headquarters are typically in urban areas which may be a great distance from the rural poor. For those living in shacks many miles away from major cities, the democratic government may be viewed as a distant entity that does not pertain to their simple lives. This could decrease any and all motivation to make their presence felt on the government. Meanwhile, the wealthy living in or around these urban areas are likely to participate as they feel more directly impacted by elections, decisions, policies, etc. A final setback experienced by those living in poverty that could hinder their democratic participation is a language barrier. In numerous African democratic nations, â€Å"language continues to be the most important vehicle of exclusion in democratic participation in Africa. A significant proportion of the African population does not use the colonial language as a means of communication† (Sibanda. 2006. p.10) This limits participation to those sufficiently fluent in the colonial language. This group tends to be the more affluent members of society. The poor are unable to take an active part in the democratic system as the system is based on a language unknown to the needy. This is a sad truth as these people are excluded from the political process despite being the ones most affected by the governmental actions. All of these setbacks would lead one to believe that the poor in most democratic nations throughout the world participate significantly less than the wealthy in governmental affairs. Nevertheless, this has proven not to be the case. It is true that the poor demonstrate less desire to engage in democratic participation in some nations. In the United States, for example, only 55 to 60 percent of eligible voters visit the voting stations to do perform their democratic duty. (Arnold. 2004. p.1) Of these eligible voters that participate, less than five percent are below the poverty line. (Arnold. 2004. p. 1) This confirms that in the United States of America, the economically wealthy are more active participants in democratic processes. However, this finding does not apply to all democracies on Earth. An example of this is demonstrated by the Philippines, where those classified as lower class comprise 60 percent of all voters. (Coronel. 2004. p. 1) Beginning in 1998, the poor Filipino vote played a significant role in the outcome of the presidential elections. A poll determined that, â€Å"class, rather than age, gender, or geography determined the vote† (Coronel. 2004. p. 1) Why is it that in the Philippines the poor are so eager to participate democratically while those of the same class level in America and African democracies seem to care so little? In the Philippines, elections are viewed as games of chance. Voters can either win or lose. Because they have so little opportunity to win in other facets of life, the poor in this nation choose to take advantage of democratic systems to make their voices heard. (Coronel. 2004. p. 5) Elections to them are the only legitimate means to choose a leader; thus, they passionately engage in the process. â€Å"The voter turnout among the poor in the Philippines has historically been higher than among the more affluent classes† (Coronel. 2004. p. 5). The election game of chance results in both a valid system as well as a source of entertainment. For the poor that do engage in democratic participation, one must wonder what values they embrace, how they are influenced, and what they look for in government and leadership. When it comes to choosing candidates, the poor seek an individual who is educated, has experience, a good track record, and an effective political platform. Wealth and power are not necessarily attractive qualities of candidates. Rather, honesty, responsibility, willingness to help, and an overall goodness of character are desired leadership traits. (Chua. 2004. p. 6) What influences the economically misfortunate in their democratic participation? â€Å"The most important sources of influence of the poor are, in declining order: the media, the family, the church, and political parties. Surveys come last on the list† (Chua. 2004. p. 6) There is a general distrust of surveys and a belief that one’s vote should be based on the qualifications and history of the candidate. The media holds the most influence as it provides information about the candidates on a mass scale. The media allows the poor to observe the behavior, manner of speaking, and get an overall sense of the personality of those running for office. It is typically a trait of poor families to agree on election choices. Hence, the family is of great influence when it comes to democratic participation. Why do the poor in some democratic nations take such an active role in government while the poor in other such countries remain idle? The degree of poverty can provide an explanation. South Africa, a democratic nation, millions of citizens live in conditions unfit for even the lowliest of creatures. All of the factors discussed earlier that could hinder democratic participation combine in such an environment to make it impossible to go protest a policy or listen to a political debate. Thus, democratic participation is particularly unlikely to take place among the poor in such a region. (Everatt. 2003. p. 14) On the other hand, Mexico, another democratic nation experiences higher participation among the poor in terms of voting and seeking policy reform. Although those living in poverty in this country still must endure atrocious living conditions and are in dire need, the state of poverty is not quite as bad compared to a country like South Africa. The average household income in Mexico is greater than that of South Africa and the nation also enjoys a lower percentage of its total population living in poverty as compared to its African cousin. (UNICEF. 2006) The resources that a democratic government provides to its constituency is another possible explanation for the difference in democratic participation among the poor in various nations. Public health, education, and welfare services are all likely to affect the poor’s ability or willingness to contribute to their government. With regards to health, a nation’s life expectancy, infant mortality rate, accessibility to drinking water, and government financed vaccines and immunizations are clear indicators of the services provided to the public. Germany enjoys greater democratic participation among the poor than a nation such as Guatemala. (UNICEF. 2006) Germany also shows a higher life expectancy, lower infant mortality rate, greater access to drinking water, and more government financed health care. Thus, Guatemalans are more concerned about the health status of themselves and their families, reducing their opportunity to participate democratically. The provision of education by democratic governments also seems to influence the poor’s desire or ability to chip in with regards to politics. With a higher literacy rate, school enrollment ratio, and access to internet, it is no wonder Iceland has greater democratic participation among the poor than the nation of Jamaica. (UNICEF. 2006) The Icelandic government’s provision of more efficient public schooling puts this country at a clear advantage when it comes to the ability or desire of the economically disadvantaged to vote, protest, or decide policy. The Jamaicans, with a smaller number of educated poor, experience less democratic participation as a result. I have reached the conclusion that poverty, for the most part, does place individuals at a disadvantage when it comes to participating in democratic processes. Lack of adequate food, shelter, education, and access to information, in addition to language barriers, all act as hindrances to one’s ability to contribute to democracy. There are nations in which the voting turnout and participation of the poor are greater than that of the affluent, but these are rate. The severity of poverty as well as the provision of public services and goods by democratic governments are factors that explain why some democracies experience greater participation among the poor. The more severe the poverty, the less likely the poor are to make their impact felt on government. The more a democracy provides public needs such as education and health care, the more likely the poor are to contribute. It is my opinion that a nation can claim to be a democracy, but until the poor population is equally as capable as the wealthy to participate, the democracy is false. The poor have a voice that deserves to be heard. Research Papers on Poverty and Voter Participation19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesQuebec and CanadaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part One

How To Write an Essay

How To Write an Essay Writing an essay is like making a hamburger. Think of the introduction and conclusion as the bun, with the meat of your argument in between. The introduction is where youll state your thesis, while the conclusion sums up your case. Both should be no more than a few sentences. The body of your essay, where youll present facts to support your position, must be much more substantial, usually three paragraphs. Like making a hamburger, writing a good essay takes preparation. Lets get started! Structuring the Essay (aka Building a Burger) Think about a hamburger for a moment. What are its three main components? Theres a bun on top and a bun on the bottom. In the middle, youll find the hamburger itself. So what does that have to do with an essay? Think of it this way: The top bun contains your introduction and topic statement. This paragraph begins with a hook, or factual statement intended to grab the readers attention. It is followed by a thesis statement, an assertion that you intend to prove in the body of the essay that follows.The meat in the middle, called the body of the essay, is where youll offer evidence in support of your topic or thesis. It should be three to five paragraphs in length, with each offering a main idea that is backed up by two or three statements of support.The bottom bun is the conclusion, which sums up the arguments youve made in the body of the essay. Like the two pieces of a hamburger bun, the introduction and conclusion should be similar in tone, brief enough to convey your topic but substantial enough to frame the issue that youll articulate in the meat, or body of the essay. Choosing a Topic Before you can begin writing, youll need to choose a topic for your essay, ideally one that youre already interested in.  Nothing is harder than trying to write about something you dont care about. Your topic should be broad or common enough that most people will know at least something about what youre discussing. Technology, for example, is a good topic because its something we can all relate to in one way or another. Once youve chosen a topic, you must narrow it down into a single  thesis or central idea. The thesis is the position youre taking in relation to your topic or a related issue. It should be specific enough that you can bolster it with just a few relevant facts and supporting statements. Think about an issue that most people can relate to, such as:  Technology is changing our lives. Drafting the Outline Once youve selected your topic and thesis, its time to create a roadmap for your essay that will guide you from the introduction to conclusion. This map, called an outline, serves as a diagram for writing each paragraph of the essay, listing the three or four most important ideas that you want to convey. These ideas dont need to be written as complete sentences in the outline; thats what the actual essay is for. Heres one way of diagramming an essay on how technology is changing our lives: Introductory Paragraph Hook: Statistics on home workersThesis: Technology has changed workLinks to main ideas to be developed in the essay: Technology has changed where, how and when we work Body Paragraph I Main idea: Technology has changed where we can workSupport: Work on the road exampleSupport: Work from home example statisticConclusion Body Paragraph II Main idea: Technology has changed how we workSupport: Technology allows us to do more on our own example of multitaskingSupport: Technology allows us to test our ideas in simulation example of digital weather forecastingConclusion Body Paragraph III Main idea: Technology has changed when we workSupport: Flexible work schedules example of telecommuters working 24/7Support: Technology allows us to work any time example of people teaching online from homeConclusion Concluding Paragraph Review of main ideas of each paragraphRestatement of thesis: Technology has changed how we workConcluding thought: Technology will continue to change us Note that the author uses only three or four main ideas per paragraph, each with a main idea, supporting statements, and a summary.   Creating the Introduction Once youve written and refined your outline, its time to write the essay. Begin with the  introductory paragraph. This is your opportunity to hook the readers interest in the very first sentence, which can be an interesting fact, a quotation, or a  rhetorical question, for instance. After this first sentence, add your thesis statement. The thesis clearly states what you hope to express in the essay. Follow that with a sentence to introduce your  body paragraphs. This not only gives the essay structure, but it also signals to the reader what is to come. For example: Forbes magazine reports that One in five Americans work from home. Does that number surprise you? Information technology has revolutionized the way we work. Not only can we work almost anywhere, we can also work at any hour of the day. Also, the way we work has changed greatly through the introduction of information technology into the workplace. Notice how the author uses a fact and addresses the reader directly to grab their attention. Writing the Body of the Essay Once youve written the introduction, its time to develop the meat of your thesis in three or four paragraphs. Each should contain a single main idea, following the outline you prepared earlier. Use two or three sentences to support the main idea, citing specific examples. Conclude each paragraph with a sentence that summarizes the argument youve made in the paragraph.   Lets consider how the location of where we work has changed. In the past, workers were required to commute to work. These days, many can choose to work from the home. From Portland, Ore., to Portland, Maine, you will find employees working for companies located hundreds or even thousands of miles away. Too, the use of robotics to manufacture products has led to employees spending more time behind a computer screen than on the production line. Whether its in the countryside or in the city, youll find people working everywhere they can get online. No wonder we see so many people working at cafes! In this case, the author continues to directly address the reader while offering examples to support their assertion. Concluding the Essay The summary paragraph summarizes your essay and is often a reverse of the introductory paragraph.  Begin the summary paragraph by quickly restating the principal ideas of your body paragraphs. The penultimate (next to last)  sentence should restate your basic thesis of the essay. Your final statement can be a future prediction based on what you have shown in the essay.   In this example, the author concludes by making a prediction based on the arguments made in the essay. Information technology has changed the time, place and manner in which we work. In short, information technology has made the computer into our office. As we continue to use new technologies, we will continue to see change. However, our need to work in order to lead happy and productive lives will never change. The where, when and how we work will never change the reason why we work.

The Globalization Crisis Explanation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Globalization Crisis Explanation - Essay Example In addition, the technological developments advanced this globalization thing and made the process even faster and more acceptable on the greater percentage. Although there are still gaps to bridge, it could be said in a general sense that the world has become one again. Even the food that we eat, in a way, brought together people from different countries to work in order to bring food on our tables. Kelsey Timmerman in her article, â€Å"It’s From Where?†, looks a lot deeper into this globalization phenomenon and presents arguments which are quite obvious but are generally disregarded perhaps because of the result of globalization also. It is interesting though, for her to bring out the issue on globalization and draw her readers to the underlying problems which should become the concern of every citizen, in every country and if it may be mentioned, especially those who are from highly developed countries. The author points out that highly developed countries like the United States should become aware and be concerned about the workers from which the finished products that reach their houses, come from. This is because most of the workers are painfully paid too little in exchange for their quite difficult jobs. This paper then wants to dissect the arguments of Zimmerman, her approach, including her writing style and purpose. Timmerman does not only inform her readers. She also questions them. This technique is quite effective for her purpose to hold the attention of her readers and get them to take action. She informs her audience to convince them that she did not only read about some distant places and fictitious people in a well-crafted narrative. She does this by showing that she dealt with the people in her article and that they are as human as her readers. She also uses questions in order to appeal to the emotions and conscience of her readers. For instance, Timmerman points out that instant coffee comes in packs, ready for consumption where in what the end buyer needs to do is simply mix hot water with it.

Global Human Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Human Capital - Essay Example Emphasis has also been put upon identifying the importance of international human resource management policies in developing such global skills. The paper is largely based on explorative and qualitative study. Within a globalized business environment, business organizations, employees and structure of operations are required to be set in an open, flexible and synthesized manner. Managers must be able to adjust and adapt themselves with diverse conditions and easily interact with individuals across different cultures. The globalized business environment can be stated to be a product of increased competition and enhanced level of interaction between firms across the globe. Such a diversified business environment facilitates exploring new market opportunities and liberalization of trade and business regulations. One of the prime advantages arising out of globalized business environment is the transmission of technology, human capital and other resources so as to make markets more and more competitive. Although managing global human capital is a huge challenge, it has facilitated distribution of talent and skill effectively. Hence modern day organizations groom managers in a manner such that they can adapt themselves with employees from different nation. Effective talent management is an essential quality global talent mangers are required to possess, in the context of multinational organizations. Much research work has been carried out in the recent decade for understanding the skills and qualities to be possessed by global managers. Most scholars such as Scullion and Collings (2010, 23) have recognized that the main skills to be possessed by global talent leaders areexpansion of scale of activities through effective talent management, establishment of suitable networks for managing talent and developing business models that can effectively exploit

Athena Research Essay Example for Free

Athena Research Essay Athena is the goddess of wisdom and warfare. She is the favorite daughter of Zeus. There are many different versions of how Athena came to be. The most accepted version is that Athena was born a child of Zeus by his first wife, Metis, a goddess of wisdom. Zeus feared that Metis might bear him a son who was mightier than himself, so he swallowed her. According to some stories, Zeus had every right to fear this because Mother Earth had prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl, but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to is father and his grandfather. Zeus took this warning to heart. This is why he swallowed Metis. It is believed that this is where Zeus gained his wisdom. Before swallowing his wife he was said to have had no brains. Little did Zeus know that Metis was already with child. While trapped inside Zeus, Metis began to make a helmet and robe for her unborn daughter. All that clanging and pounding caused Zeus to suffer terrible headaches, so he called for his son Hephaestus. Hephaestus split his fathers skull open to relieve the pain, and out popped Athena, fully grown and dressed in her new robe and helmet. The great Athena was the first to teach the science of numbers and all ancient womens arts, such as cooking, weaving and spinning. She was the goddess of wisdom and war, but, unlike the god of war Ares, she took no pleasure from battle, preferring instead to settle conflict through mediation. When Athena was moved to engage in battle she never lost, even against Ares himself, for she was a far superior negotiator than he was. She bears no arms in times of peace and will usually borrow weapons from Zeus when needed. Since she was his favorite daughter and such a mighty warrior, he allowed her to borrow is fearsome Aegis, and his devastating thunderbolts. Indeed Athena was a brave warrior and she was the lone deity to stand her ground when Typhon attacked Olympus. Typhon was the largest, most dangerous, and most grotesque of all creatures. He was so frightening and that when he attacked Mount Olympus all of the gods ran off to Egypt and hid themselves by taking the forms of various animals. Only Athena stood firm, and she shamed and motivated Zeus into action. Zeus struck Typhon with a thunderbolt and used Uranus castrating sickle to wound the enormous creature. Typhon retreated to Mount Casius, where he and Zeus resumed heir struggle, hurling mountains at one another, which resulted in Typhon being crushed beneath what is now known as Mount Aetna. Mount Olympus and the reign of Zeus were saved thanks to Athena. Even though she was as modest as Artemis and Hestia, the other virgin goddesses, Athena was far more generous. A man called Tiresias chanced upon Athena while she was taking a bath and she was startled to realize that he had entered the room and seen her. Not wanting to kill Tiresias for his foolishness, she laid her hands over his eyes and blinded him, but gave him inward sight so that Tiresias became one of the most well-known oracles in Greece. One of the few times that Athena showed irritability was in her weaving contest against the mortal named Arachne. Arachne thought she was the best weaver there Athena felt very disrespected and took on the appearance of an old woman and showed up at Arachnes house to give her some friendly advice to respect the gods. Arachne was too vain to listen and told the old woman to be gone. Let the great Athena try her skill against mine, and if I lose she can do whatever she pleases with me, she boasted. Thats when Athena dropped her disguise and revealed her true identity. All the bystanders fell to their knees in reverence except for Arachne, who was unmoved. The two began their weaving contest, and for a while Arachne held her own against Athena, even poking fun at the gods through the tapestry she crafted, but finally Athena had enough and touched the presumptuous mortal on the forehead, making her feel her shame. Horrified at the realization of her vanity, Arachne ran off and hung herself from a tree. Feeling sorry for the hanging of Arachne, Athena brought her back to life, but so that mortals learn that it doesnt pay to compare themselves to the gods, she changed Arachne into a spider. There she its, her and her descendents, forever weaving their web, testament to the folly of vanity. Athens was named after Athena and she became its protector after a dispute with her uncle, Poseideon, the god of the sea. Both Athena and Poseidon really liked a certain city on the coast of Greece, and both of them claimed ownership. Finally, to solve the dispute, it was agreed that whoever could present the city with the best gift would forever be patron. Athena and Poseidon went to the Acropolis, where Poseidon struck the cliff side with his mighty trident. A spring welled up, which amazed and impressed the citizens. However, the spring was salt ater, so it wasnt really of much use to anyone. Athena then presented the people with a simple olive tree. Although it wasnt as impressive as a spring, it was far more useful, because it presented the people with oil, food, and even wood. In thanks, they named the city Athens. Some people in Greece still worship Athena and pay homage to her at the Acropolis. Athena was the virgin goddess. She was also called Athena Parthenos. Parthenos meant virgin. This is where the Parthenon came from. The Parthenon temple was built to honor the virgin goddess. Although she was a virgin there are stories about her son, Erichthonius. Erichthonius was born of the sperm of Hephaestus, Athenas brother.

A substantive grounded theory :: Informative, Theory

A good formal theory ought to be at least the equivalent ought of a ton of ethnographies and perhaps half a gross of substantive theories (Strauss 1987, p.248). A substantive grounded theory is a tailor-made theory while a formal grounded theory is a ready-made theory (Kearney 1998). Substantive theory may limit its application to other contexts if a constant comparative method of modifying a theory is neglected. Nevertheless, it may have important general implications and relevance to other areas. It is for this imperative that, the emergent substantive grounded theory generated from data, is moved to a formal theory. Formal theory allows more generalization, and transferability of research results, which may be adapted to other different scenarios. While it is possible to generate formal theory directly from data (Glaser and Strauss 1967; Strauss 1987), it is better to start with a substantive grounded theory of which a formal theory can be developed (Glaser and Strauss 1967). Both the substantive and formal theory can inform each other on the development of a formal theory. On moving substantive grounded theory to formal theory, Glaser and Strauss (1967) suggests using someone else’s formal theory as an important starting strategy. Through discussion of substantive theory with formal theory, findings from other substantive areas are constantly compared in a generation of a grounded formal theory. A substantive grounded theory is a one area theory developed for a substantive/empirical area while a grounded formal theory is a ‘multi-area’ theory developed for a formal/conceptual area (Glaser and Strauss 1967; Strauss 1987). A formal theory cannot fit or work well when written from only one area (Glaser and St rauss 1967). Therefore, a discussion of substantive grounded theory with a formal theory incorporates other substantive areas to make a formal theory adequate. The best building materials for grounded formal theory are the findings of other substantive theories (Glaser and Strauss 1967). Moreover, avoidance of prevalent mode of formal theory will be achieved as Strauss (1987) noted: [†¦]The prevalent mode of formulating formal theory is to move directly from substantive to formal theory, without grounding the latter in any additional data. The theorist, for example, suggest that his her substantive findings and perhaps theory about say physician-patient relationship have implications for general theory of professional-client relationship but does not do the further work of studying the latter relationship comparatively [†¦] (Strauss 1987, p. 243) A core phenomenon in a substantive study has clear implications for a formal grounded theory (Strauss 1987).

Remove Palagiarism

IntroductionIn step with Pakistan economic Survey 2014-15, the extent of change between Pakistan and China has accelerated to $16 billion. China's exports to Pakistan expanded by using ten percentage all through the five years from 2009- 10 to 2014-15.As a end result, China's share in Pakistan's total exports has progressively picked up from four percent in 2009-10 to 9 percentage at some stage in the financial yr 2014-15. The maximum recent milestone completed in this bilateral relationship is the signing of Memorandum of knowledge on the construction of China-Pakistan monetary corridor (CPEC). CPEC is a 3,218 kilometer long path, to be constructed over next numerous years, together with highways, railways and pipelines. The actual anticipated fee of the assignment is predicted to be US$seventy five billion, out of which US$45 billion plus will make certain that the corridor becomes operational by way of 2020. The last funding might be spent on electricity era and infrastructure development. The plenty advertised US$45 billion China-Pakistan financial corridor will skip through the lovely GilgitBaltistan province in the north in an effort to connect Kashgar in China's western province Xinjiang to relaxation of the world thru chinese-operated Gwadar port in the country's south. This mega undertaking is predicted to take the bilateral dating among Pakistan and China to new heights, it's a starting of a adventure which hopes to convert the economic system and help bridge Pakistan's strength shortfall.Present day scenario:According to the Board of funding (BOI), overseas Direct investment (FDI) inflows into Pakistan have multiplied by 74% all through the primary 4 months of the contemporary financial year. Those FDI inflow turned recorded should be $277. 7 million in the month of october Furthermore a significant and only this financing has fallen starting with china done type from claiming China-Pakistan monetary H (CPEC). Out of these parent the power sector were given lion's proportion of FDI, observed via production, financial offerings and communications area. ISLAMABAD: foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into Pakistan have registered a splendid growth of 74 consistent with cent throughout first 4 months of the contemporary economic 12 months, chiefly because of CPEC, in step with Pakistan Board of investment (BOI). A BOI announcement issued on Thursday found out that Pakistan acquired FDI of $939.7 million up to now in July-Oct 2017-18 that represents a seventy four. Four according to cent boom whilst compared to the inflows recorded in the course of the equal period of the preceding year. Within the month of October 2017, FDI inflows become recorded to be $277.7 million, more than double of the FDI of $one hundred fifteen. Three million in the equal month ultimate 12 months.In keeping with BOI, China becomes the leading investor united states with $631.7 million, up 224.6% from the identical duration in the monetary 2016-17. Chinese language companies invested huge component in their budget in power and infrastructure tasks below China-Pakistan monetary hall (CPEC).The net influx of FDI from Malaysia stood at $107 million in July-Oct FY18, towards $9.four million throughout the same period last year. French buyers accounted for $38.0 million in FDI during the period beneath evaluation. Power zone received the lion's proportion of overseas budget, observed by way of production, financial offerings and communications sector. The inflow of direct investment within the strength area became increased by using a hundred twenty five.4% to $422.4 million in the 4 months of FY18. Those change range fetched $177. 0 million Previously, FDI, contrasted with $31. 4 million a 12 months prior.Telecommunications bounced back as compared to closing yr after inflow of FDI accelerated to $sixty four.9 million opposite to an outflow of $38.three million for the duration of the same period in FY17. The finance region and oil ; gasoline exploration sectors acquired $76.three million and $fifty seven.9 million respectively, at some stage in the 4 months of this monetary year.Brighter FDI prospects are predicted in FY18 as economic system appears to be increasing and paintings on sure electricity generation and improvement tasks below CPEC remains on target. The change range fetched $177. 0 million for FDI, contrasted with $31. 4 million 12 months sooner. The board said it have been closely working with Chinese language experts from country wide development and Reform commission (NDRC) of China for relocation of Chinese language industry into Pakistan and industrialization of unique monetary zones (SEZs) alongside CPEC. 33 gathering of joint attempting institutional (JWG) ahead business participation got to be held for November 9 same time the 7th JCC is predicted to a chance to be held looking into November 21in Islamabad. Large Chinese language investments are anticipated in these special monetary zones, with the intention to be instrumental in attracting FDI from different international locations as nicely, the announcement concluded.BenefitsProfits the CPEC will open entryways will enormous budgetary chances not main to Pakistan Be that as will physically join china should its business sectors for Asia, Europe Also Past. Just about 80% of the China's oil is presently transported starting with strait for Malacca on Shanghai, (distance may be very nearly 16,000 km What's more takes 2-3 months), for Gwadar getting to be operational, those separation might decrease should short of what 5,000 km. Though every last bit dives great Furthermore on schedule, of the 21 assentions looking into energy– including gas, coal Furthermore sun oriented energy– 14 will have the capacity on provide dependent upon 10,400 megawatts (MW) for vitality by Walk 2018. As stated by china Daily, these undertakings might give dependent upon 16,400 MW about vitality inside and out. Similarly as and only foundation ventures worth pretty nearly $11 billion, Furthermore 1,100 kilometer long motorway will be constructed between the urban communities for Karachi Furthermore Lahore,2 same time those Karakoram roadway the middle of Rawalpindi and the Chinese fringe will make totally recreated What's more overhauled. The Karachi–Peshawar fundamental route line will additionally make upgraded on considers train goes during dependent upon 160 kilometers for every hour Toward December 2019. 3 Pakistan's track system will additionally make stretched out within the end unite with China's southern Xinjiang track done Kashgar. 4 An system from claiming pipelines should transport condensed characteristic gas Furthermore oil will additionally make laid Likewise and only those project, including An $2. 5 billion pipeline the middle of Gwadar and Nawabshah will transport gas starting with Iran. 5 oil starting with the center east Might make offloaded during Gwadar Furthermore transported will china through the corridor, cutting those present 12,000 km venture will 2,395 km. It will go about as An span to those new oceanic silk course that envisages linking 3 billion people over Asia, Africa Furthermore Europe, and only a trans-Eurasian one task. At fully operational, Gwadar will Push the investment improvement about pakistan Also ended up An passage for focal Asian countries, including Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, linking Sri Lanka, iran Also Xinjiang will embrace marine transport. 6 over $33 billion worth for vitality base will a chance to be constructed. Eventually Tom's perusing private consortia will assistance allay Pakistan's Ceaseless vitality shortages,7 which consistently sum with In 4,500MW,8 Furthermore have shed a evaluated 2-2. 5% off Pakistan's yearly GDP. 9With pretty nearly $33 billion needed with make put resources into vitality division projects, force era expects a paramount part in the CPEC one task. Through 10,400MW about vitality generating ability may be on make created between 2018 Furthermore 2020 Likewise and only the corridor's fast-tracked â€Å"Early Harvest† activities. 10 the area about Baltistan may be known for its new tree grown foods exports, in cherries, apricot Furthermore apples, CPEC will a chance to be an amusement changer Eventually Tom's perusing opening benefits of the business chances for the region's merchants. This will furnish nearby brokers with favorable element Also assistance them twofold their offers by enormous sparing done cosset for transportation. Presently, fruits would being exported through air-cargo by means of Dubai it might a chance to be speedier and less expensive. In those same Might be sent Toward way to china by means of Xinjiang. Tourism which right now makes up an pitifulness and only our income is accepted with a chance to be raised Eventually Tom's perusing opening from claiming this monetary hall. Those CPEC, a portion believe, will additionally support tourism in the 73,000 square km district. Those area is acknowledged will make An mountaineer's paradise, since it is home with five of the ‘eight-thousands' (peaks over 8,000 meters), and additionally more than 50 mountains again 7,000 meters. It is Additionally home of the world's second most noteworthy crest k2 and the nanga parbat. 11Conflicts between motives those one task encompassed Toward the greater part good faith yet can't a chance to be completely discerned without apprehensions. Legislature of Pakistan (GoP) cases with resuscitate Diamer-Bhasha dam for Indus stream in Gilgit –Baltistan, in the second stage from claiming CPEC, bringing about those processing from claiming 4500MW about power furthermore will serving Similarly as an enormous water supply for the country, which constantly verified Eventually Tom's perusing Asian advancement bank (ADB), Gilgit-Baltistan need the possibility to prepare almost 50,000MW from claiming vitality. Only Bunji Dam, a run-of-the-river task that those ADB need contributed in, need the ability to produce dependent upon 7,100MW power The point when finished. Those inquiry constantly brought up in the psyche of the commoners would At by fabricating hydro tasks Pakistan could securely import vitality. Also will have sufficient to utilize it for its advancement also the reason develop an exorbitant 750km transmission line?.ConclusionThose CPEC shows up with be a essential one task for both the nations. For china it gives a substitute secure course will import vitality Furthermore Figure new businesses for its products Also administrations. To Pakistan it aides counters Indian impact in the region, position itself Likewise a significant travel perspective interfacing Eurasian locale for soutane Asia Also south East Asia What's more gatherings give a a great deal required base to kick begin its monetary development.

Exploring the Relationship Between Cigarette Essay

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between state-specific estimates of youth and adult cigarette smoking prevalences, overall, and after adjusting for cigarette prices and strength of smoke-free air laws. METHODS: Crude relationships were determined using state-specific adolescent and adult smoking estimates from three national surveillance systems conducted during 1997, 1999, or 2000. Weighted leastsquares regression analyses were conducted to assess crude and adjusted relationships between state-specific estimates of adolescent and adult smoking. RESULTS: In each crude analysis conducted, adolescent smoking prevalence was significantly and positively related to adult smoking prevalence. These relationships were attenuated, but generally persisted, after controlling for cigarette prices and strength of smoke-free air laws. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the premise that adult smoking influences adolescent smoking behavior. Funders and policy makers need to consider that an effe ctive youth prevention strategy may be to curb smoking among adults. Introduction Cigarettes are the most common form of tobacco used in the United States, among both youths and adults (1, 2). Interest in preventing adolescent uptake of tobacco use increased substantially during the early and mid-1990’s (3), as adolescent smoking initiation and prevalence increased (1, 4-9). This prompted considerable debate in the public health community about the relative merits of a youth or adult-centered tobacco control approach (10-14). A focus on youth has often been viewed by policy-makers as more politically palatable to the communities they serve; however, many researchers have argued that since the problem of tobacco affects people of all ages, effective solutions must do so as well, thereby favoring a more balanced strategy (10-14). An effective approach would target audiences in every age group, encouraging adults to quit without ignoring the reality that virtually all new tobacco users are children or adolescents. A considerable number of studies have noted relationships between parental and adolescent smoking (15-21). Bauman and colleagues noted that a key distinction in studies of parental and adolescent smoking was to distinguish whether the parents were current, former, or never smokers. When they made such distinctions, they found that the relationship between parental smoking status and adolescent smoking was as strong as that for peer smoking (16-17). Chassin and colleagues found that parental smoking cessation may help to lower the risk for adolescent smoking when the other parent was not a current smoker (20). Farkas and colleagues noted that the earlier parents quit, the less likely their children were to become smokers (21). To test the hypothesis that state-specific smoking prevalence for adolescents and adults would be directly related, we initially studied the relationship using data from the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (22). We documented a direct relationship, a finding also noted by Males (23). To assess this phenomenon more fully, we conducted similar analyses using data from  additional years and another surveillance system (the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse). Furthermore, because we recognized that cigarette prices and the strength of smoke-free air laws could influence both adolescent and adult smoking prevalences, we also studied the relationship after controlling for these important policy variables (2426). We hypothesized that the relationship between adolescent and adult smoking would be attenuated, but not eliminated, after controlling for these potential covariates. Methods Data Youth and adult smoking data for this study were taken from three nationallycoordinated surveillance systems: 1) the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS); 2) the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); and 3) the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). The YRBSS provides state-specific adolescent data on public high school students between the approximate ages of 14 to 18 years. For this study, we used the following measures of adolescent smoking from YRBSS: current smoking prevalence, frequent cigarette use, youth ever smoking, and youth ever-daily smoking. The 1997 and 1999 YRBSS define current smoking prevalence (current cigarette use) as having smoked on at least 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey, and frequent cigarette use as having smoked  on at least 20 of the 30 days preceding the survey. The 1997 and 1999 YRBSS define youth ever smoking (i.e. lifetime cigarette use) as having ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs (6, 27). The 1999 YRBSS defines youth ever-daily smoking as having ever smoked at least 1 cigarette every day for 30 days (27). Weighted YRBSS data were published for 24 states in 1997, and for 22 states in 1999. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) weighted these statespecific estimates to adjust for nonresponse and varying probabilities of selection. The data are considered to be representative of all public high school students (grades 9-12), in  the respective states. In our analyses, we only included data from states with weighted YRBSS data. State-specific sample sizes ranged from 1,325 to 8,636 participants in 1997, and from 1,248 to 7,125 participants in 1999 (6, 27). Standard errors for these weighted 1997 and 1999 YRBSS data were provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and were used to estimate variances for analyses. The BRFSS provides state-specific estimates of major risk behaviors among adults aged 18 years and older. Adult current smoking and adult ever smoking measures were included as independent predictor variables from 1997 and 1999 BRFSS data. In the 1997 and 1999 BRFSS, current smokers were those who had ever smoked at least 100 lifetime cigarettes and who currently smoked every day or some days. Adult ever smoking was defined by the 1997 and 1999 YRBSS as having ever smoked 100 lifetime cigarettes. We used adult BRFSS data from all states for which we also had YRBSS data, which were 24 states in 1997 and 22 states in 1999. State-specific sample sizes ranged from 1,595 to 3,596 participants in 1997, and from 1,633 to 5,011 participants in 1999 (28-29). The NHSDA provides state-specific adolescent and adult data on substance abuse for adolescents between the ages of 12 to 17 years, adults between the ages of 18 to 25 years (referred to below as young adults), and adults greater than or equal to 26 years (referred to below as adults). In the 1999-2000 NHSDA, current smokers were those who smoked all or part of a cigarette on at least one of the 30 days preceding the survey. Representative samples were drawn from all 50 states and the District of Columbia, with sample sizes ranging from 900 to 1,030 in 42 states and the District of Columbia, and from 3,600 to 4,630 in 8 states. About one-third of each sample represented each age category: 12 to 17 years; 18 to 25 years; and >= 26 years (30). State-specific estimates for price, as of November 1st of each year, were taken from The Tax Burden on Tobacco (31). The average price of a pack of cigarettes was constructed by using weighted averages for a pack of 20 cigarettes based on the prices of single packs, cartons, and vending machine sales, where the weights are the national proportions of each type of sale. These prices are inclusive of state level  sales taxes applied to cigarettes, but are exclusive of local cigarette taxes. Because the price published is as of November 1st, and because the surveys are conducted throughout the year, we created a weighted average annual cigarette price measure by subtracting state and federal excise taxes from the current year’s price and the previous/following year’s price and weighting the pre-tax prices accordingly. Average federal and state excise taxes for the whole year were calculated and added to the weighted average pre-tax price. Data on state-specific smoke-free air legislation were compiled to construct a smoke-free air (SFA) legislation index, using a multi-step process. In itially, these legislative data were taken from the American Lung Association’s ‘State Legislated Actions on Tobacco Issues’ (SLATI) system, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s ‘State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation’ (STATE) system. We then contracted with the MayaTech Corporation to validate initial coding, and expand upon our initial categorization scheme by incorporating legislative information on additional locations, such as schools, recreational facilities, and cultural facilities. The state-specific SFA index values were constructed from ratings given to each state, based upon the levels of restriction provided for the following 10 locations in 1997, 1999, and 2000: private worksites, health facilities, restaurants, recreational facilities, cultural facilities, retail/grocery stores, shopping centers, public transit, public schools, and private schools. SFA ratings were summed for each of these 10 locations, and additional weighting was given to 6 designated youth-oriented locations (restaurants, recreational facilities, cultural facilities, shopping centers, public schools, private schools), which were multiplied by 2 prior to summation. After the ratings were summed, 20% of this total SFA score was then subtracted for the existence of any state preemption clauses. The calculation of the subtracted preemption percentage was based upon the average estimated percentage of states with SFA preemption in relevant youth-oriented categories, as described in a paper by Chriqui et al (2002) (32). Preemption clauses prevent a local area, within a state, from enacting  smoke-free ordinances that are stronger or more protective than state smoke-free air laws. Statistical Analysis Weighted least-squares regression analyses were conducted using SPSS software. Regression analyses of adult smoking measures, as the independent predictor variables, on adolescent smoking measures, as the dependent outcome variables, were conducted  for BRFSS, YRBSS, and NHSDA data. Analyses with YRBSS data were conducted overall and by gender (male, female). All regression analyses were weighted by the reciprocal of the variance of the dependent variables. Average price of a pack of cigarettes and strength of smoke-free air legislation were included as potential covariates in adjusted weighted least squares regression analyses. Crude and adjusted beta coefficients were calculated and reported, along with standard errors, r-squared values, and statistical probabilities (p-values). Additional weighted least-squares regression analyses were conducted to further adjust for income disparity. These analyses did not produce noticeably different results for youth-adult data; therefore, income disparity was not considered relevant for adjustment. Results Table 1 presents crude and adjusted results from the weighted least-squares regression analyses of youth and adult smoking measures. In each crude analysis conducted, adolescent smoking prevalence was significantly and positively related to adult smoking prevalence. These relationships were attenuated, but generally persisted, after controlling for cigarette prices and strength of smoke-free air laws. Adjusted overall relationships for 1997 YRBSS and BRFSS data, between youth-adult current smoking prevalence and frequent use, were attenuated; but remained significant. This attenuated, but significant, relationship persisted among males for current smoking  prevalence (with borderline significance among females), and among both males and females for frequent use. Crude relationships between youth-adult current smoking prevalence and frequent  use were significant for 1999 YRBSS and BRFSS data, and adjusted relationships remained significant among females for current prevalence an d frequent use. Crude relationships for NHSDA data from all states and the District of Columbia were also highly significant for youth, young adult, and adult smoking in 1999-2000 (See also: Figure 1). Adjusted relationships for 1999-2000 NHSDA data also remained significant for all youth, young adult, and adult smoking data. Table 2 presents results from additional weighted least-squares regression analyses that were conducted to explore a possible relationship between youth and adults with respect to measures of smoking initiation. These analyses, using 1997 YRBSS and BRFSS data, showed a significant adjusted relationship between youth ever-smoking and adults ever-smoking at least 100 cigarettes. Analyses using 1999 YRBSS and BRFSS data showed significant crude and adjusted relationships between youth ever-daily smoking and adults ever smoking at least 100 cigarettes. Discussion These analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between statespecific estimates of youth and adult cigarette smoking prevalence, overall, and after adjusting for important policy covariates. In each crude analysis conducted, adolescent smoking prevalence was significantly and positively related to adult smoking prevalence. After adjustment, the adolescent-adult relationship was attenuated, but remained significant, for: 1997 overall and male current prevalence; 1997 overall, male, and female frequent use; 1999 female current prevalence and frequent use; and all age groups tested using 1999/2000 NHSDA data. Therefore, the relationships generally persisted after controlling for two important policy variables, price and strength of smoke-free air  legislation. Adjusted analyses, using 1997 and 1999 YRBSS and BRFSS data, also showed a significant relationship between the following measures of smoking initiation: youth ever smoking and adults ever smoking at least 100 cigar ettes; and youth ever-daily smoking and adults ever smoking at least 100 cigarettes. There are several limitations regarding these analyses. Results for the YRBSS/BRFSS data may be influenced by the relatively small number of states with weighted data used in analyses. There were 24 states with weighted YRBSS data in 1997, and 22 states with weighted YRBSS data in 1999. BRFSS data from 1997 and 1999 were only used for the same number of corresponding states with weighted YRBSS data in both respective years. The ecological fallacy may also be involved, since smoking behavior data were drawn and analyzed from state-specific population data. Other variables, such as relationship quality between adolescents and parents, may mediate the relationship between adolescent and adult smoking prevalence. Further research is needed to explore additional variables, which cannot be ruled out by these analyses, and may affect the state-specific relationship between adolescent and adult cigarette smoking. Results are consistent with the notion that adult smoking influences adolescent smoking. Findings are also consistent with parental literature, suggesting that youth behavior models adult behavior, and other research, suggesting that if adults quit youth may be less likely to smoke (16, 17, 19-21). These data support the belief that efforts to prevent initiation and promote quitting, among both adolescents and adults, would be included as key components of an optimal tobacco control strategy and an effective public health effort to reduce tobacco-related mortality and morbidity. An optimal tobacco control strategy would also include a component to protect non-smokers from  environmental tobacco smoke. Glantz and Jamieson have proposed that tobacco control efforts directed at adolescents and young adults need to also emphasize smoke-free air policies, which encourage smoking cessation among  youth, as well as adults (26). Research suggests that population tobacco control strategies that influence adult smoking, like price and smoke-free air, also influence youth smoking (33-38). Therefore, these strategies have a two-for-one effect. This lends further weight to the contention that reducing adult smoking is an important strategy to reduce the uptake of smoking among youth. Public health researchers have an important role in explaining why an emphasis on adult cessation is necessary, and why it does not imply any neglect of youth smoking. The public health response to curbing the tobacco-related health burden should be evidenced based, rather than simply popular. References 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Tobacco Surveillance, United States, 1998-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49(SS-10):1-44. 2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A report of the Surgeon General. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD. 2001. 3. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. 21 CFR Part 801, et al. Regulations Restricting the Sale and Distribution of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco to Protect Children and Adolescents; Final Rule. Federal Registrar; 61(168): August 28, 1996. 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 1993. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. March 24, 1995/44(SS-1); 1-55. 5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 1995. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. September 27, 1996/ 45(SS-4); 1-83. 6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 1997. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. August 14, 1998/47(SS3); 1-89. 7. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Summary of Findings from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Office of Applied Studies, NHSDA Series H-13, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3549. Rockville, MD, 2001. 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Incidence of Initiation of Cigarette Smoking – United States, 1965-1996. MMWR 1998; 47:837-840. 9. Johnston, LD, O’Malley, PM, Bachman, JG. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2000. Volume I: Secondary School Students. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIH Publication No. 01-4924; August 2001. 10. Myers ML. Adults Versus Teenagers: A False Dilemma and a Dangerous Choice. Tobacco Control. 1999;8(3):336-338. 11. Glantz SA. Preventing Tobacco Use – The Youth Access Trap. American Journal of Public Health. 1996;86(2):155-156. 13 12. Hill D. Why We Should Tackle Adult Smoking First. Tobacco Control. 1999;8(3):333-335. 13. McNeill A. Why Children Start Smoking: The Need for a Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy. British Journal of Addiction. 1992;87(1):24-25. 14. Bayer R, Kiesig V. Is Child-Centered Tobacco Prevention a Trap? American Journal of Public Health. 2003:93(3):369-370. 15. Jacobson PD, Lantz PM, Warner KE, Wasserman J, Pollack HA, Ahlstrom AK. The Social Context of Adolescent Smoking. Combating Teen Smoking Research and Policy Strategies. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press;2001:79114. 16. Bauman KE, Foshee VA, Linzer MA, Koch GG. Effect of Parental Smoking Classification on the Association Between Parental and Adolescent Smoking. Addictive Behaviors. 1990;15(5):413-422. 17. Bauman KE, Carver K, Gleiter K. Trends in Parent and Friend Influence During Adolescence: The Case of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking. Addictive Behaviors. 2001;26(3):349-361. 18. Bailey SL, Ennett ST, Ringwalt CL. Potential Mediators, Moderators, or Independent Effects in the Relationship Between Parents’ Former and Current Cigarette Use and Their Children’s Cigarette Use. Addictive Behaviors. 1993;18(6):601-621. 19. Chassin L, Presson CC, Todd M, Rose JS, Sherman SJ. Maternal Socialization of Adolescent Smoking: The Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting and Smoking. Developmental Psychology. 1998;34(6):1189-1202. 20. Chassin L, Presson C, Rose J, Sherman SJ, Prost J. Parental Smoking Cessation and Adolescent Smoking. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2002;27(6):485-496. 21. Farkas AJ, Distefan JM, Choi WS, Gilpin EA, Pierce JP. Does Parental Smoking Cessation Discourage Adolescent Smoking?. Preventive Medicine. 1999; 28(3): 213-218. 22. Giovino GA. Development of a State Tobacco Database for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s ImpacTeen Study. Presentation at â€Å"Tobacco-Free Future: Shining the Light,† the Fifth Annual National Conference on Tobacco and Health. Kissimmee, Florida; August 24, 1999. http://www.impacteen.org/generalarea_PDFs/giovino0899.pdf. 23. Males MA. Smoked: Why Joe Camel is Still Smiling. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press: 1999. 14 24. Chaloupka FJ and Grossman M. Price, Tobacco Control Policies, and Youth Smoking. NBER Working Paper 5740, 1996. 25. Taurus JA and Chaloupka FJ. Price, Clean Indoor Air Laws, and Cigarette Smoking: Evidence from Longitudinal Data for Young Adults. NBER Working Paper 6937. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999. 26. Glantz SA, Jamieson P. Attitudes Toward Secondhand Smoke, Smoking, and Quitting Among Young People. Pediatrics. 2000;106(6):E82. 27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 1999. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. June 9, 2000/49(SS-5); 196. 28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Surveillance Branch Division of Adult and Community Health. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 1997 BRFSS Summary Prevalence Report. August 21, 1998. pp. viii-xii. 29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Surveillance Branch Division of Adult and Community Health. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 1997 BRFSS Summary Prevalence Report. June 23, 2000. pp. ix-1. 30. NHSDA. Person-Level Sampling Weight Calibration for the 2000 NHSDA. Chen P, Emrich S, Gordek H, Penne MA, Singh AC, Westlake M. Research Triangle Institute. July 22, 2002. pp. 1-4. 31. Orzechowski and Walker. The Tax Burden on Tobacco. Arlington, VA. Vol. 36, 2001. 32. Chriqui J, Frosh MM, Fues LA, El Arculli R, Stillman FA. State Laws on Youth Access to Tobacco: An Update, 1993-1999. Tobacco Control. 2002;11(2):163164. 33. Chaloupka F, Wakefield M, Czart C. Taxing Tobacco: The Impact of Tobacco Taxes on Cigarette Smoking and Other Tobacco Use. In: Rabin RL Sugarman SD, editors. Regulating Tobacco. New York. Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 39-72. 34. Jacobson PD, Zapawa LM. Clean Indoor Air Restrictions: Progress and Promise. In: Rabin RL Sugarman SD, editors. Regulating Tobacco. New York. Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 207-245. 35. Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Effect of Smoke-Free Workplaces on Smoking Behaviour: Systematic Review. BMJ. 2002;325(7357):174-175. 15 36. Wasserman J, Manning WG, Newhouse JP, Winkler JD. The Effects of Excise Taxes and Regulations on Cigarette Smoking. Journal of Health Economics. 1991;10(1):43-64. 37. Ohsfeldt R, Boyle RG, Capilouto EI. Tobacco Taxes, Smoking Restrictions, and Tobacco Use. NBER Working Paper 6486. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. 38. Wakefield MA, Chaloupka FJ, Kaufman NJ, Orleans CT, Barker DC, Ruel EE. Effect of Restrictions on Smoking at Home, at School, and in Public Places on Teenage Smoking: Cross Sectional Study. British Medical Journal. 2000;321:333-337.

review sheet Essays

review sheet Essays review sheet Essay review sheet Essay M. J. Jarzombek and V. Prakash, A Global History of Architecture, 2nd ed. , New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, 2011. Moffett, Marian, Michael Fazio and Lawrence Wodehouse, Buildings Across Time, an Introduction to World Architecture, London: Laurence King Publishing, 2004. Trachtenberg, Marvin and Isabelle Hyman, Architecture from Prehistory to Postmodernism: The Western Tradition, 2nd ed. , New York and Englewood Cliffs, 2002. Ingersoll, Richard and Spiro Kostof, World Architecture: A Cross-cultural History, New York and Oxford, 2012. Nuttgens, Patrick, The Story of Architecture, 2nd ed. , London: Phaidon Press, 1997. Sutton, Ian, Western Architecture: From Ancient Greece to the Present, London: Thames and Hudson, 1999. Relevant readings from these texts are indicated in the detailed course syllabus. A glossary of architectural terminology is available at the end of Ingersolls book (pp. 957-964, Chings book (pp. 799-807), Moffetts book (pp. 68-571), and Trachtenbergs book (pp. 83-589). Bibliographies are organized chronologically at the end of Ching (pp. 809-818), Moffett (pp. 572-575), Trachtenberg (pp. 591-601), and at the end of each section of Ingersolls book. EXAMS: There will be three hour-exams on the following dates: First Hour-Exam: Monday, September 30, 10:00 am Second Hour-Exam: Monday, November 4, 10:00 am Third Hour-Exam: Monday , December 16, 1 1 am ASSIGNMENTS: discussion sections: October 24/25 November 21/22 These writing assignments will be linked to specific assigned readings and are intended to address reading comprehension skills. The readings will be available at east one week in advance and you will be required, in your discussion section, to respond to specific questions about the content and the authors arguments. Your responses will be written during your discussion section in blank Blue Books; all responses must be handed in at the end of the class. IMAGES: Powerpoint images shown in lectures will be accessible on Blackboard Learn, organized by lecture. Each student registered for the course will also be registered on Blackboard Learn. GRADING for students enrolled ARCH 2350: First Hour-Exam Second Hour-Exam Third Hour-Exam Writing Assignments x 2 @ 15% each Attendance, professionalism and class participation in discussion sections GRADING for students enrolled ARCH 6340: First Hour Exam Second Hour Exam Third Hour Exam Essays x 2 @ 15% each Short paper (1000 words), topic, due date tba GENERAL INFORMATION Prerequisite for students enrolled in ARCH 2350: English 1304, 1310 or its equivalent, completed or being taken concurrently. The content of the discussion sections (labs) will include discussion and clarification of the weekly lectures, specifically with the intent of understanding how architectural history can be relevant to the present, especially to contemporary rchitectural design. Attendance will be taken at each session and students are expected to participate in discussions. In order to perform well in this course, you must regularly attend both the lectures and the discussion sections. The material covered on the hour exams derives directly Make-up exams and make-up essays will be given only with a legitimate doctors note, police report or court order. There will be no make-up for the third hour exam. Plagiarism, defined as the appropriation or imitation of the language, ideas, or thoughts of another author, and representation of them as ones original work, will NOT be tolerated. Penalties may include a failing grade in the course, suspension, or expulsion from the university. The last day to drop the course with a grade of MT is Friday, November 1, 5:00pm. The university will NOT allow any withdrawals after this date. The University of Houston System complies with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, pertaining to the provision of reasonable academic adjustments/auxiliary aids for students with a disability. In accordance with Section 504 and ADA guidelines, each University within the System trives to provide reasonable academic adjustments/auxiliary aids to students who request and require them. If you believe that you have a disability requiring an academic adjustments/auxiliary aid, please contact the student disability services center at 713-743-5400. Schedule of Lectures Monday, August 26 Introduction and overview of the course Wednesday, August 28 Prehistoric Architecture-Late New Stone Age Monday, September 2 NO CLASS: Labor Day Holiday Wednesday, September 4 Egypt: Old and New Kingdoms Monday, September 9 Pre-Columbian Meso-America Wednesday, September 1 1 Buddhist and Hindu Sanctuaries in India and Cambodia Monday, September 16 Architecture and Culture of China Wednesday, September 18Architecture and Culture of Japan Monday, September 23 Greece: Site Planning: the Acropolis and the Agora Wednesday, September 25Greece: the Architecture of Temples Monday, September 30 First Hour-Exam Wednesday, October 2 Introduction The Roman Civic Presence l: Forum, Basilica Monday, October 7 The Roman Civic Presence II: Market, Theater and Amphitheater Wednesday, October 9 The Roman Civic Presence Ill: Gate, Arch, Aqueduct Monday, October 14 The Roman Religious Presence: Temple and Tomb Wednesday, October 16The Roman Residence: Villa and House Monday, October 21 Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture Wednesday, October 23 Architecture of the Islamic World: the Mosque Monday, October 28 Romanesque Architecture: Pilgrimage Churches and Cistercian Monasteries Monday, November 4 Second Hour-Exam Wednesday, November 6 Introduction to the Renaissance The Work of Brunelleschi Monday, November 1 1 The Work of Alberti and Bramante Wednesday, November 13 The Work of Michelangelo and Palladio Monday, November 18 Renaissance France: the Architecture of the Chateau Wednesday, November 20 Baroque Italy: the work of Bernini and Borromini Monday, November 25 Baroque nd Rococo in Austria and Germany Wednesday, November 27 NO CLASS: Thanksgiving Holiday Monday, December 2 France in the 17th Century 16th and 17th-Century Landscape Design Wednesday, December 4 England in the 17th Century Monday, December 16 Third Hour-Exam 11:00 am ARCH 2350/6340 Prehistoric Architecture Late New Stone Age (Neolithic) 3000-1000 BCE Suggested Reading: I ngersoll, pp. 23-32; Trachtenberg, pp. 57-61; Nuttgens, pp. 10-15; Ching, pp. 23-24, 47-51; Moffett, pp. 9-14. France, Carnac (in the region of Brittany) and England, Avebury, menhirs (megaliths literally, large stones] or monolithic upright stone markers), dolmens (two menhirs supporting a horizontal block, usually used for marking tombs (substructure of a barrow), post and lintel structural system), ca. 2000-1500 BCE. England, Stonehenge (near Salisbury), composed stone group based on a circular plan (henge monument), ca. 2750-1500 BCE, post and lintel structural system, mortise and tenon Joints; optical refinements: tapered pillars, inclining lintels. France, Gordes (in the region of Provence), The Bories, reconstructed prehistoric village; domestic architecture built up with relatively thin stone slabs, use of orbeling technique, ca. 2000 BCE. trilith [literally three stones] entry portals, (combination of corbeled construction with post and lintel construction). University of Houston Egypt: Old and New Kingdoms Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 48-60, 86-97; Trachtenberg, pp. 62-71; Nuttgens, pp. 28-41; Ching, pp. 39-45, 64-73; Moffett, pp. 23-37. Important Historical Information: ca. 3200-2160 BCE Old Kingdom ca. 1570-1100 BCE New Kingdom Old Kingdom Saqqara, Mortuary Complex of King Zoser, ca. 2650 BCE mastaba (bench in Arabic; bench-like quadrangular form); architect Imhotep. Giza, complex of Great pyramids, 2580-2500 BCE Cheops (Khufu), Chepren (Khafa) and Mycerinus (Menkure) Predetermined architectural procession: river, Valley Temple, causeway, Mortuary Temple, tomb. New Kingdom Deir el Bahari, Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, ca. 1500 BCE architect: Senmut; dedicated to the sun god Amon-Ra; Proto Doric colonnades. Pre-Columbian Meso-America Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 83-190, 251-263; Nuttgens, Ch. 6; Ching, pp. 225-27, 432-34; Moffett, pp. 283-293. City of Teotihuacan, 150-650 CE, (when it was burned), located in the Valley of Mexico, ca 40 miles northeast of Mexico City: Pyramid of the Moon?talud/tablero profile; pen plaza in front of Pyramid of the Moon; Pyramid of the Sun; Citadel with Temple of the Feathe red Serpent; open compound: probably marketplace and administrative center; Street of the Dead. City of Chichen Itza, (Yucatan Peninsula), ca. 750-1200 CE: open plaza cont. pyramid, known as Castillo, Temple of Warriors to east, surrounded by rows of columns that create second open plaza, ritual Ball Court opposite, to west. Very north end of site occupied by sink well (place of sacrifice); city extends also toward south, w/ palaces and other temples (Red House) a round astronomical observatory (Caracol or snail). Buddhist and Hindu Sanctuaries in India and Cambodia suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 141-147, 216-225, 265-279; Ching, pp. 30-31, 176-81, 214-15, 235-37, 244-45, 281, 594-95, 318-20; Moffett, pp. 67-85. Mohenjo-Daro (city in Indus Valley), today in Pakistan, ca 2500 BCE Buddhist sanctuanes (Buddha [565-480 BCE]) Sanchi, Great Stupa, 1st. century CE stupa relic mound with four gates (torana) Ajanta, Chaitya Hall, 250 CE chaitya = assembly hall or cave shrine, rock-cut sanctuaries Mahabalipuram, (Mamallapuram), Shore Temples, ca 700 CE two shrines dedicated to Shiva, one to Vishnu vimana = terraced tower above each shrine Madurai, Great Temple (Sri Meenakshi Temple), 1623 CE gopuram = terraced tower above a threshold (over a portal) Hindu Sanctuaries in Cambodia Angkor Wat, temple of the capital, 1 112-52 CE Architecture and Culture of China Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 175-182, 240-250, 424-436; Nuttgens, ch. 5; Ching, pp. 185, 286, 298-99; Moffett, pp. 86-99. Great Wall(s), first begun 221-206 BCE; maintained and upgraded primarily during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE). Guangdong (modern city with older districts); precedents: clay models buried in tombs, primarily from Han Dynasty burials (1st-2nd cents. CE); vernacular example: Hakka Housing. Chinese beam frame construction: Shanxi Province, Foguang Temple, 857 CE: wood frame construction, bracket clusters (tou-kung), concave roof profile. Various garden pavilions. beneficial, and the actions of man are in harmony with the social, cultural and political situations, then the feng Shui is auspicious. Three religious philosophies: Buddhism [imported from India; founded by Buddha (565-480 BCE)]. Confucianism: based on teachings of Confucius (551-479 BCE): based on moral conduct Cen) and combination of etiquette and ritual traditions (II). Taoism: based on Tao te Ching (The Book of the Virtuous Way), written by Lao-tzu, 6th cent. BCE. Songyue Pagoda, Henan Province, 520 CE Architecture and Culture of Japan Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 521-533; Nuttgens, ch. 5; Ching, pp. 287-92, 486-93; Moffett, pp. 9-109. Ise, Shinto Shrine, (Naiku), founded in 3rd cent. CE: dedicated to the Sun Goddess; tori, katsuogi, chigi, Wabi-Sabi. Nara, HoryuJi, Buddhist Shrine and Monastery, 7th cent. CE: hosho. Nagano, Matsumoto Castle, 16th cent CE. and Kobe (Hyogo), HimaJi Castle, 16th cent. CE; shogun garrison castles. Residential Archite cture Lashed frame structures: indigenous (vernacular) development. Two types develop from the lashed frame, and eventually merge together: . ) minka: based on lashed frame; rectangle, modular grid, interchangeable use of space; shoji. Teahouses (Sukiya)?influenced by Zen Buddhism Kyoto Province, Talan Teahouse, 16th cent. CE: tea-room with tokonoma, anteroom, entrance for tea master, garden path, exterior portico. Sukiya Style Residential Architecture Kyoto, Katsura Imperial Villa, 1625 CE. SURVEY OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY, I Greece: Site Planning: The Acropolis and the Agora Suggested Reading: Ingersoll, pp. 117-141; Trachtenberg, pp. 91-115; Nuttgens, pp. 86-101 ;sutton, pp. 10-17; Ching, pp. 121-24, 132-34 Moffett, pp. 53-56, 60-62. Important historical information: Dorians and Ionians: two of the tribes that settled in Aegean, beginning in 1100 BCE. Greek culture based on polis (city-state) and anthropomorphic polytheism (the worship of many gods who were divine but had human-like characteristics and form). Athens, Agora, 5th cent. BCE; open marketplace and civic center of the city; surrounded by several different building types arranged casually around the open square: Stoa of Zeus (stoa: long and narrow structure, usually open to one side with a colonnade, used for many civic purposes), New Bouleterion (bouleterion: council ouse), Temple of Hephaestus, Tholos or Skias (tholos: round temple type, here adapted for use as a dining room for the heads of the city council), South Stoa, Stoa of Attalus (added in the 2nd cent. BCE); the Panathenaic Way cuts across the Agora at a diagonal. Panathenaic Way: ceremonial path from Piraeus (the port city of Athens) through Athens up to the Acropolis; used for an annual procession in honor of Athena, the goddess who protected the city. Athens, Acropolis; the hill was inhabited as early as 3000 BCE; in the 13th century BCE the hilltop was occupied by a Mycenean citadel; transformed into an Archaic